Solomon, Consumer Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Solomon, Consumer Behaviour Essay When we say personality, actually everyone can understand what it is meant to be but actually it is hard to define a formal description of â€Å"Personality†. One answer can lie in the concept of personality, which refeers to a person’s unique psychological make up and how it concsistently influences the ay a person’s responds to his/her environment. From now on when we say â€Å"Personality†, we mean all of the distinctive, consistent and structured relations between an individual ‘s inner and outer environment. Personality is also be described as â€Å" the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual† Some psychologists may argue that the concept of personality may not be valid. Many studies find that people do not seem to exhibit stable personalities. Because people do not necessarily behave the same way in all situations, they argue that this is merely a convenient way to categorize people. It’s a bit hard to accept because we tend to see others in a limited range of situations and so they do appear to act consistently. Marketing strategies often include some aspect of personality. These dimensions are usually considered in conjunction with a person’s choice of leisure activities, political beliefs, aesthetic tastes, and other personal factors that help us to understand consumer lifestyle. Freudian Theories: Who is Sigmund Freud? Sigmund, born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. An early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy, Freud later developed theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or analysand) and a psychoanalyst. Psychoanalysis has in turn helped inspire the development of many other forms of psychotherapy, some diverging from Freuds original ideas and approach. * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that much of one’s adult personality stems from a fundamental conflict between a person’s desire to gratify his/her physical needs and the necessity to function as a responsible member of society. The id seeks out immediate gratification. The superego is the counterweight to the id. It is a person’s conscience. The ego is the system that mediates between the two. It tries to find ways to gratify the id that are acceptable to society. This is called the Pleasure Principle. â€Å"Id† is selfish and illogical. It is the â€Å"Party Animal† of the mind. It’s about immidiate gratification. Id operates according to the pleasure principle which our basic desire to maximize pleasure and avoid pain guides our behaviour. Id directs a person’s physical energy toward pleasurable acts without regard for any consequences. â€Å"Superego† is the counterweight to the id. The superego is essentially the person’s consicience. The superego internalizes society’s rules and tries to prevent the id from seeking selfish gratification. â€Å"Ego† mediates between the id and superego, it acts as a refree in the fight between temptation and virtue. The ego tries to balance these opposing forces according to the reality principle which means it finds way to gratify the id that the outside world will find acceptable. These conflicts occur on an unconcious level , so the person is not necessarily awere of the underlying reasons for his/her behaviour. Freud’s ideas highlights the potential importance of unconscious motives that guide our purchases. Consumer researchers have adapted some of Freud’s ideas. Consumers cannot necessarily tell us their true motivation when they choose products, even if we can devise a sensitive way to ask them directly. The Freudian perspective also raises the possibility that the ego relies on the symbolism in products to compromise between the demands of the id and the prohibitions of the superego. The person channels her unacceptable desire into acceptable outlets when she uses products that signify these underlying desires. This is the connection between product symbolism and motivation: The product stands for, or represents, a consumer’s true goal, which is socially unacceptable or unattainable. By acquiring the product, the person vicariously experiences the forbidden fruit. Phallic Symbols: are male-oriented symbolism that appeals to women. According to Freud’s idea the use of some objects that resemmble sex organs. For example: Cigars, trees, swords, buttons,trains and cars are look alike male sex organs. In addition to those mentioned, tunnels and button holes are symbolysed as female sex organs. Most Freudian applications in marketing relate to a product’s supposed sexual symbolism. For example owning a sports car for a man going through a mid-life crysis is a substitute for sexual gratification. Motivational Research: Motivational research borrowed Freudian ideas to understand the deeper meanings of products and advertisements. The approach assumed that we channel socially unacceptable needs into acceptable outlets including product substitutes. Motivational Research relies on depth interviews with individual consumers instead of asking many consumers a few general questions about product usage. Motivational Researcher probes deeply into each respondents’ purchase motivations. It might take several hours and the respondent can not immediately articulate his/her latent or underlying motives. The researcher can reach these only after extensive questioning and interpretation. Ernst Diechter was a psychoanalyst who trained with Freud’s disciples in Vienna. Dichter conducted in-depth interview studies on more than 230 products. There are both appeals and criticism associated with motivational research. * Criticisms * Invalid or works too well * Gave advertisers the power to manipulate consumers * Research lacked sufficient rigor and validity because the interpretations are so subjective. * The analyst bases his conclusions on his own judgement after an interview with a small number of people * The doubt of if the finding would generalize to a market or not * Too sexually based because of The Orthodox Freduian Theory * Appeal * Less expensive than large-scale surveysÃ'Ž * Powerful hook for promotional strategy * Intuitively plausible findings (after the fact) * Enhanced validity with other techniques Motives and Associated Products * Power-masculinity-virility: Sugar products large breakfasts, power tools – Coffee , Red meat, heavy shoes, toy guns, buying fur coats to women, shaving with a razor * Security: Ice Cream(to feel like a loved child again), Full drawer of neatly ironed shirts * Eroticism: Sweets (to lick) gloves (to be removed by women as a form of undressing) * Moral purity-cleanliness: White Bread , Cotton Fabrics , oatmeal (sacrifice, virtue) * Social acceptance: Companionship: Ice CreamÃ'Ž Love and Affection: Toys (to express love for children) Acceptance: Soap Beauty products * Individuality: Foreign Cars, Vodka, Perfumes * Status: Health Problems (To show one has a high stress , important job! ) Carpets (to show one does not step on ground with bare feet) * Femininity: Cakes and cookies, dolls, silk, tea, household curios (anthics) * Reward: Cigarettes, Alcohol, Candy, Ice CreamÃ'Ž * Mastery over environment: Kitchen appliences, boats, sporting goods, cigarette lighters * Disalienation (a desire to feel connectedness to things) : Morning radio broadcast, skiing * Magic-mystery: Soups (healing power), paints (changes mood of room), unwrapping gifts Other interpretations were hard for some researchers to swallow; such as the observation that women equate the act of baking a cake with birth, or that men are reluctant to give blood because they feel it drains their vital fluids. However, American people sometimes say a pregnant woman has â€Å"A bun in the owen† When the Red Cross hired Ernest Diechter to boost blood donation rates he reported that men (but not women) tend to intensely overestimate the amount of blood they give. As a result the red cross, counteracted men’s fear of losing their virility when the organization symbolically equated the act of blood with fertilizing a female egg: â€Å" The gift of life. † Neo Freudian Theories Alfred Adler He was cooperating with Freud and Carl Jung but later in the Freudian Theories the emphasis on sex was not accepted by Alfred Adler. Adler called it individual psychology because he believed a human to be an indivisible whole, an individuum. He also imagined a person to be connected or associated with the surrounding world to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory. Following this split, Adler would come to have an enormous, independent effect on the disciplines of counseling and psychotherapy as they developed over the course of the 20th century. Adler emphasized the importance of equality in preventing various forms of psychopathology, and espoused the development of social interest and democratic family structures for raising children. His most famous concept is the inferiority complex which speaks to the problem of self-esteem and its negative effects on human health (e. g. sometimes producing a paradoxical superiority striving). His emphasis on power dynamics is rooted in the philosophy of Nietzsche, whose works were published a few decades before Adlers. However, Adlers conceptualization of the Will to Power focuses on the individuals creative power to change for the better. Adler argued for holism, viewing the individual holistically rather than reductively, the  latter being the dominant lens for viewing human psychology. Adler was also among the first in psychology to argue in favor of feminism making the case that power dynamics between men and women (and associations with masculinity and femininity) are crucial to understanding human psychology. Adler is considered, along with Freud and Jung, to be one of the three founding figures of depth psychology, which emphasizes the unconscious and psychodynamic. Caren Horney: According to Horney; individual’s reaction to percieved real threats ,anxiety, is stronger than sexuality or libido. Individuals have ways and neurotic tendencies to cope up with emotional problems in daily life. These tendencies occur as moving towards others (compliant), away from others (detached) or against others (The aggressive). Compliant people are more likely to gravitate toward name brand products. (Celal Birsen – Turkish Umbrella Manufacturer) Detached people are more likely to be tea drinkers. Aggressive people prefer brands with a strong masculine orientation. We can clearly see that in Old Spice Commercials with Terry Crews. Another approach by Harry Stack Sullivan focused that personality evolves in both internal and external daily communicatiosn to overcome anxiety. Carl Jung: Carl Jung was also a disciple of Freud but their relationship ended in part because Jung did not accept Freud’s emphasis on sexual aspects of personality. Jung developed his own method psychotherapy known as analytical psychology. He believed that we all share a collective unconscious. You can think of this collective unconscious as a storehouse of memories we inherited from our ancestors. From these shared memories, we recognize archetypes. An archetype is a universally recognized idea or behavior pattern. They typically involve themes like birth and death and appear in myths, stories, and dreams He is the founder of Analitical Psychology He mentioned the â€Å"id† as the power source of unconscious ego. Unconscious can be classified into personal and collective unconscious. Jung believed that cummulative experiences of past generations shape who we are today(Experiences have been inherited from past generation to next generation) which is collective unconscious. People are afraid of dark because their distant anchestors had good reasons to fear it. Personal unconscious means rudimentary ideas and subdued beliefs and livings. Many psychological concepts were first proposed by Jung, including the Archetype, the Collective Unconscious, the Complex, and synchronicity. A popular psychometric instrument has been principally developed from Jungs theories. Persona,one of the most common archetypes defined by Carl Jung, has a major factor while personality is shaped. It is the visible part of our personality by other people, it is the mask we wear during interacting in environment. The other two major archetypes are anima and animus. Anima is the feminine characteristics within a male personality, and animus is the masculine characteristics within a female personality. BrandAsset ® Valuator of Archetyes is created by BrandAsset ® Consulting: A Young Rubicam Brands Company. The model shows the relationships among the Archetypes. For each healthy personality, there is a corresponding Shadow. A healthy personality is one in which the Archetypes overwhelm their corresponding Shadows. A sick personality results when one or more Shadows prevail. When a brand’s Shadows dominate, this cues the agency to take action to guide the brand to a healthier personality. Agency uses the valuator to get opions of brands, keep the brand away from ome than one shoadow characteristic and move brand into a healthier positions. BrandAsset Valuator ® Archetypes Trait Theory : Trait theory focuses on the quantitative measurement of personality traits. Personality traits are the identifiable characteristics that define a person. For instance, we might say that someone is an introvert (quite and reserved) or an extrovert(Socially outgoing). Some of the most relevant traits for consumer behavior are listed below * Innovativeness is the degree to which a person likes to try new things. * Materialism is the amount of emphasis a person places on acquiring and owning products * Self-consciousness is the degree to which a person deliberately monitors and controls the image of the self that he or she projects to others. * Need for cognition is the degree to which a person likes to think about things and by extension, expends the necessary effort to process brand information. * Frugality is the tendency to deny short-term purchases and to make due with what they already own. David Reisman first introduced the terms inner-directed and outer-directed more than 30 years ago. There are several differences that exist between idiocentric (an individualist orientation) and allocentric (a group orientation) personalities. | Idiocentrics | Allocentrics |Ã'Ž | (individualist orientation)| (group orientation)| Contentment| More satisfied with current life| Less satisfied with current life| Health Consciousness| Less likely to avoid unhealthy foods| More likely to avoid unhealthy foods| Food Preparation| Spend less time preparing food| Love kitchen; spend more time preparing food| Workaholics| More likely to work hard and stay late at work| Less likely to work hard| Travel and Entertainment| More interested in traveling to other cultures| Visit library and read more|Ã'Ž Problems with Trait Theory The use of standard personality trait measurements to predict product choices has met with mixed success. It is simply hard to predict consumer behavior based on personality! There are several explanations; * Scales not valid/reliable –Results may not be stable over time * Tests borrow scales used for mentally ill marketers â€Å"borrow† those results to apply a more general population * Inappropriate testing conditions and not well trained test administers * Ad hoc instrument changes – reduces ability to compare test results across consumer samples * Use of global measures to predict specific brand purchases * â€Å"Shotgun approach† (no thought of scale application) – No specific advance knowledge about how test results is going to be conducted about purchases of specific brands. Researchers are recognised that Trait researches can not fully describe what the purchase decision is mainly caused by but a part of it. Marketers have to incorprate personality data with information about people social and economic conditions for it to be useful. Brand Personality Brand personality is set of traits people attribute to a product as if it were a person. Brands borrow personality traits of individuals or groups to convey an image they want customers to form of them. Many of the most recognizeable figures in popular culture are spokescharacters for long-standing brands, such as Mr. Muscle in Turkish advertisements. Animism: Brands carry their energy, attractiveness and soul on products as living creatures (Quaker Oats man and their credibility are reflected to a product package so that consumers may assume producers as shrewd and fair as Quaker Oats. Brand equity is the extent to which a consumer holds strong, favorable, and unique associations with a brand in memory—and the extent to which s/he is willing to pay more for the branded version of a product than for a nonbranded (generic) version . Like people, brand personalities do change over time. Brands’ popularity may vary from year to year. Herebelow it’s the most popular companies in Turkey in years 2010 and 2011. One year can make significant changes in brands equity. http://www. businews. eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/egsa50-1. jpg To give you another idea of how much things change Americans ranked these brands as the most stylish in year 1993 and 2008 Top 5 Stylish 1993 * Levis * Nike * Bugle Boy * Guess * L. A. Gear Top 5 Stylish – 2008Ã'Ž * Victoria’s Secret * Ralph Lauren * Nine West * Calvin Klein * Coach Doppelganger Brand Image When a company makes too many false or misguiding advertisesments, consumers can give humoristic and rebellios responses. This may be a web site attack or a fan-made(or anti-fan) video that make fun of it on Youtube and other similar content sharing social media. This is called Doppelganger Brand Image (Which means the bad twin of that brand) For example Turk Telekom’s ADSL connection also known as TTNT ADSLÃ'Ž Logo of London 2012 Olympics. The british tabloids have been less than kind; one paper described the design as a â€Å"Toileting monkey†. Also it has got some critisism due to it symbolysis Semitic Quote to â€Å"Sion†. An anti logo group got 50000 people to sign a petition demanding that organizors change the design. Some marketing experts feel that this outcry is a good thing because most young Britons are very blase about the prospect of the Olympics taking place in their backyard. So this will get their blood pumping. As an example of Animism; Adidas Brand creates a focus group of children and asks them to image, Adidas is going to join a party and tell them how they imagine adidas in the party. The kids responded that Adidas would be hanging around the keg with its pals, talking about girls unfortunely they also said Nike would be with the girls. The results reminded Adidas’ brand managers they had some work to do. Brand Action| Trait Inference| Brand Examples|Ã'Ž Brand is repositioned several times or changes slogan repeatedly | Flighty, schizophrenic| Ford, Geico, Puma| Brand uses continuing character in advertising | Familiar, comfortable | Marlboro, Turkcell, Arcelik| Brand charges high prices and uses exclusive distribution| Snobbish, sophisticated| LV, Hermes, MacroCenter| Brand frequently available on deal| Cheap, uncultured| HM| Brand offers many line extensions| Versatile, adaptable| Ipana| Brand sponsors show on PBS or uses recycled material| Helpfull, supportive| Toms, IKEA| Brand features easy to use packaging or speaks at consumers level in advertising | Warm, Approachable| T-Box| Brand offers seasonal clearance sale| Planfull, practival| Mango, Polo Garage| Brand offers five-year warranty or free customer hotline| Reliable, Dependable| Hyundai|Ã'Ž The Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) is a technique for eliciting interconnected constructs that influence thought and behavior. It is used to measure the brand equity. This tool can help companies in creating positive associations with customers. This works most, as by talking the brand in the form of story , marketer better able to grab the attention of customers and touch their feelings. ZMET is one tool used to asses the strategic aspect of brand personality and is based on the premise that brands are expressed in metaphores; that is, a representation of one thing in terms of another. These associations offen are non-verbal so the ZMAT approach is based on a non verbal representation of brands. Participants collect a minimum of twelve images representing their thoughts and feelings about the topic, and are interviewed in depth about the images and their feelings. Eventually digital imaging techniques are used to create a collage summarizing these thoughts and feelings and the person tells a story about the image created. Nestle Cerelac is the leading brand in baby food category. See how Cerelac brand equity measure through ZMET technique. By using this example, you can better able to apply this tool and increase you brands overall worth.

Modern Piracy With A Breif History Essay -- essays research papers fc

Piracy is usually determined as a seizure of property (ship, airplane or software) that holds no commission from the owner (â€Å"Piracy† 1). It is mostly linked to the dirty, bearded men that sailed the seven seas and robed merchant ships or ships that carried a valuable cargo. This however, was not the case in the late eighties and is definitely not the case today in the nineties. Now software pirates copy software without the permission of the company for their own personal benefits. Since piracy interrupts trade between nations it has been considered to be an offense against international law (â€Å"Piracy† 1). While the pirates in the medieval age roamed for plunder on the high seas, pirate radio and television stations broadcast, unauthorized software pirates copy to save money and even if one form vanished, another would soon take its place. Although the roots of piracy go as far as 102 BC the true sea pirates golden age was between the time periods of the very late 1600’s and the year of 1923 when almost all pirates suddenly disappeared. Pirates attacked the Romans as early as 100 BC. This was not as rough as the future pirates would be, but the idealism of piracy was present. The so-called piracy’s golden age started in 1695 when the first famous pirate, Henry Every, began seizing sizable treasures in the Red Sea and this made him an idol to many unemployed seamen in England. Piracy offered no more risks than being on board an ordinary merchant or privateering (which is often confused with piracy) vessel and the returns could be indescribably greater than in trade or attacking enemy ships. This started an increase in the number of pirates. Soon, in some parts of the world, for example Nassau, there were so many pirate vessels sailing the seas that the trade between the colonies and the outside world was n onexistent because all the goods ended up in the pirate vessels. Although their ways were inhumane and sometimes highly brutal, they had some sort of passion to sail the unknown and break the law to fight a war on the ordinary world. Some pirates were famous for their incredible brutality or for their otherwise colorful personalities: Edward Teach (alias Black Beard), who terrorized the coastline of North Carolina in 1716-1718; Captain Kidd who was more known for his highly publicized trial than his wrongdoings; and Bartholomew Roberts who was the last and... ...mplies with the law, and that it issues an appropriate policy statement that is signed and respected by all involved (Software Publishers' Association). The sea pirates, the software pirates Hackers and the on the air pirates all have something in common. They all (with the exception of software pirates) do their job for the passion of it. All of these forms are considered illegal because of the losses made to the owner to save costs or to collect prizes (sometimes). Whatever the case, piracy can never be gotten rid of because a new form will show up when another vanishes, history proves that. What will the next form be? Use your imagination. Works Cited Botting, Douglas. â€Å"The Pirates.† Alexandria, Virginia: Time Life Books 1978. â€Å"Piracy.† Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. â€Å"Software Piracy.† CQ Researcher. May 21, 1993 MAS. Byrd, Kelly V. "Kelly's Place" Computer and Law http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~kbyrd/piracy.html: Spring 1996. Software Publishers' Association. "Software Use and the Law". http://www.spa.org/piracy/homepage.html: November 20, 1996. Computers In Society 6th ed. Dushkin Group/Brown&Benchmark Publishers: Guilford, CT, 1996.

nature of racism

Racism, though long deemed to have been eradicated in modern society, is unfortunately more ingrained than once thought. It is not only centralized in America, where slavery was once a dominant issue, but it has roots everywhere in the world that humans have reached. As George Orwell recounts in his narrative, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† racism feeds upon numerous psychological factors. These are the same psychological factors that Memmi also outlines in his essay, â€Å"Racism and Oppression.† The intersection of their works, which is seen through tracing the psychological foundations of racism, provides a framework in which to examine this universal condition. The first point of intersection between the two works is in Memmi’s declaration that â€Å"to be big, all the racist need do is climb on someone else’s back.† This someone else is the most obvious victim of racism: the poor, the weak, and the unfortunate. The racist does not try to oppress those who are known to be â€Å"strong,† as they know they cannot step on these people on their way to perceived superiority. Instead, they turn their attention to those who are already defeated, to the people who have all but given up fighting. These were the people who were the perpetual victims, never the victors. Hence, they focus all their racist attention on the people who, with very little effort, acquiesce to them, as they have already been shown to be defeated time and again in the annals of history. And indeed, this is how the British came about to conquer the Burmese. When the elephant began ravaging the town, Orwell was called to restrain the animal, as â€Å"the Burmese population had no weapons and were quite helpless against it.† If the people had no weapons to protect themselves from a creature they were in daily contact with and one that they knew could very well erupt in a rage anytime, then hopes for any sort of sophisticated weaponry to ward off their invaders is dim. Furthermore, these people were very poor, living in â€Å"a labyrinth of squalid bamboo huts, thatched with palmleaf.† Contrast this with the homes of the Europeans back in their own country, which utilized advanced architectural technologies and materials. With the flimsy materials the Burmese used to build their houses, the Europeans knew that they were a backward people, one that history left behind in the past. As such, they realized that it would be easy to conquer and subjugate the Burmese. However, Memmi’s point is refuted in Orwell’s realization â€Å"of the real nature of imperialism [and] the real motives for which despotic governments act† as he sets out to shoot the elephant: †¦[The crowd was] watching me as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a trick. They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly. And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that I first grasped the hollowness, the futility of the white man’s dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd – seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but I reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind. I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys†¦To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing – no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man’s life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at. The white man, in this scenario, is the one who is now being controlled, manipulated, and even, in a way, subjugated by the Burmese. Through colonizing, they themselves have become the ones colonized. The Burmese people, instead of being the ones stepped upon by the British, have become the ones who are stepping on the backs of these â€Å"historically strong† people. As they know the British are fastidious about cultivating an appearance of power and authority, the Burmese exploit this weakness for their own advantage. A second point that appears in Orwell’s literary work is that there exists â€Å"the surprising racism practiced by the oppressed man himself.† In theory, people who are victims of abuse and oppression should bond together, for it is through one another that they are able to weather the cruelty and subjugation imposed on them. In number, they should find strength. In practice, however, this fails to hold. Even the people who have been victims of racism can inflict and carry out the same kind of abuse on others and becoming racists themselves. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† Orwell illustrates this reverse form of racism by depicting the various ways in which both he and his fellow Europeans were insulted and jeered at by the Burmese. Being a â€Å"sub-divisional police officer of the town,† Orwell became the favorite target of the anger, ire, and anti-European sentiment of the Burmese. This is because he was extremely visible, going around the town as he went about his duties. Furthermore, it was his job to enforce the rules, which are made by the British Empire.   Though the Burmese had no â€Å"guts to raise a riot,† they certainly carried out their insults in more personal ways. One time, during a soccer match, Orwell was tripped by a Burmese player and the referee, another Burmese, simply looked the other way. The crowd roared with laughter, and the Burmese players, knowing they could get away with such an insult, continued tripping Orwell on the football field. As a result, whenever he was spied on the streets, insults were continuously thrown at him when he was already several meters away. Finally, Memmi points to a universal conclusion about racism, that â€Å"everyone, or nearly everyone, is an unconscious racist, or a semi-conscious one, or even a conscious one.† It encompasses people from all cultures, races, and religions, including the most-liberal minded man, the most politically sensitive nation, and the highest-educated woman who do not necessarily fit into the mode of the stereotypical racist. Different people approach racism differently, offering differing logical reasons and interpretations, though it always boils down to the same thing – we are all guilty of being racists in one way or another, overtly or covertly. Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† by presenting ideas that side with and vie for the Burmese people, can seem to be anti-racist. Indeed, Orwell explicitly states his disgust with the empire: â€Å"theoretically – and secretly, of course – I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British.† Yet, Orwell is not the morally scrupulous anti-racist he paints himself to be. Just a few lines after this declaration of being â€Å"all for the Burmese,† he describes them as being â€Å"evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make [his] job impossible.† His â€Å"greatest joy in the world,† on the other hand, â€Å"would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest’s guts.† These sentiments, he said, were simply â€Å"the normal by-products of imperialism†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the other hand, if Orwell was one of those people whom Memmi described as being an unconscious racist, his fellow British were the fully-conscious types. When Orwell was discussing with some other officers his act of killing an elephant for killing a coolie, the younger men in the group responded that he was wrong for doing so, â€Å"because an elephant was worth more than any damn Coringhee coolie.† For them, the worth of a human life, especially one of their colonized victims, is negligible compared to the worth of an elephant. It is simply another way of saying that the life of the people under their rule was not important. Orwell and Memmi both present the universal problem of racism. Though they do not agree on all points, they do agree that racism comes at a huge cost, both for the racist and the victim.

differences among men and women Essay - 1019 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since we were little kids our little minds have been fed thoughts by elders that boys are very different from girls. When we were little we never really thought much of it. Now that we are older we see how different or how less different we actually are. Two things are different in male and females. One is the biological aspect such as our brains and body parts. Also the way we play certain sports are different. The difference in sports also ties in with the fact that men and women are biologically different. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Biologically men and women are very different. Men have penises and women have vaginas I believe the kindergarten student said in Kindergarten Cop starring Arnold†¦show more content†¦In actuality we men have bigger brains with about 100 grams more of brain tissue. We also have 4 percent more brain cells than women. Even though men have more brain cells women have greater dendritic connections between them. Women are able to process information from one side of the brain to the other faster than men. Men tend to use their left side of the brain while women use both sides. Women have a larger and deeper limbic system the males. The limbic system is the part of the brain that allows us to set the emotional tone of the mind. This gives the females several advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that women are able to deal with their emotions better and talk about them but women are also more susceptible to depression. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another major difference between male and females is the way we play sports. Two sports come to mind when I think of difference. One is softball and the other is basketball. Softball which is considered the female equivalent to baseball is very different. In softball, the fences around the field are usually no more than 200 feet, in baseball the fences range from 300 to 400 feet. The reason for this is because females are not as strong as the males and are not able to hit the ball as far. In softball, the field is smaller. The base paths are 60 feet compared to men’s 90. This allows the female athletes who may not have such a strong are compared to male athletes to complete the play. The pitcher’sShow MoreRelatedOutline. Thesis Statement: Body Language Expresses Emotions860 Words   |  4 PagesOutline Thesis Statement: Body language expresses emotions and actions unconsciously and differs between men and women depending on their brain type, emotional experience and culture. I. Female and Male Brain A. What is the difference? B. Biological differences C. Cultural differences D. Experiences II. Emotional Experiences A. Impact on female emotions B. Impact on male emotions III. Comparing Social Gestures A. Germany B. 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Stereotypes and Stereotyping - Stereotypical Female in...

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Collector of Treasures Essay - 1334 Words

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A Case Study of Children in Melbourne

Question: A case study of "Various adverse effects of television on the children of Australia in different parts on the country". Answer: 1.0 Introduction Everything has its benefits and limitations; there are some benefits of children watching TV; it is a source of creative information. However, there are major limitations that result from children getting addicted to electronic Medias. These limitations will be stated in the problem statement and their intensity determined. The report will determine whether it is ethical to encourage children to watch TV or if they should be prevented from engaging with it. The obsession of children towards electronic media has increased over the years, and thus, children spend most of their time with laptops, televisions or mobile phones. Due to the excessive amount of time the children spend with these electronic devices, some chronic diseases have been observed in them. Some of these diseases are eye disorder, obesity and much more to name. This research will, therefore, seek to proof that excessive use of electronic Medias, particularly TV causes adverse effects named above. It shall establish the age below which a child should not be involved in watching TV. Electronic Medias are responsible for exposing children to violence. In the long-term, the likelihood of aggressive behavior of children is raised by a persistent viewing of violence (American Academy of Pediatric, 2001). Research tells us that, the behavior, feeling and attitude of children is influenced by their exposure to violence. Distress and fear are some of the issue children develop from the persistent viewing of violence (Krah, 2016). Some are not able to overcome such disturbing minds, and it, therefore, haunt them for long. Data will be collected based on the hours spent on watching TV, the performance in schools, the number of obesity children and those with eye disorders. Regression analysis will be carried out to show how useful the data information collected is. The hours of watching TV will be the independent variable, whereas, performance, obesity and childrens health will be the dependent variables. This mean that there will be several regressions carried out separately since we want to prove if the hours of watching TV has a significant contribution to these dependent variables. 1.1 Problem Statement Here the researchable problem is to investigate how harmful has the television, and other electronic devices are for the children living in Australia. We are interested to find out whether the health and mental condition of children have degraded over the years with the introduction of electronic devices (Healy, 2004 and Christakis, 2006). Grown-ups see and experience different things that children fail to when they watch television. By understanding these differences, adults are left with the choice of choosing the hours of watching TV for their children. While little children have no understanding of what is going on on the TV, they may be attracted to colors, sounds and the images they see. They take much effort in watching TV and they might at some point get depressed as they dont have the knowledge to know when to stop and engage in some other activities. It has been under constant debate for parents to prevent their kids who are below the age of two years from watching TV (Griffiths Machin, 2003 and Anderson Pempek, 2005) Due to the advancements in technology and the stiff competition for TV producers; televisions are affordable to many Australian households. Due to this reason, children are born in homes where TV is of great priority. Researchers in the growth of young children have posed recommendation that children under the age of two years should refrain from watching TV basing their argument in that it has been identified to hinder the development of their brains (Barkham, 2009 and Schmidt et al., 2009)). Parents are introducing their kids to electronic media at very low ages; even a month after their birth. In Australia, time spent by young children on other activities is less as compared to the one spent in watching TV. The average hours of watching TV by the children under two years old in the United States is 1.2 hours pe r day. In Britain, older children are observed to spend more hours either watching TV or on playing online games. Some children become very addicted to the electronic Medias such that they fully neglected other activities (Pine Nash, 2002). Obesity is a major problem facing children who do not actively participate in physical activities. The other issue is that since children are not future oriented, they end up losing their ability to manage their study time. When children arrive home from school, they engage themselves in these electronic Medias instead of doing their homework. This has contributed to the low performance in Australian schools (Razel, 2001). Some researchers argue that playing is an essential activity among children as it raises their intellectual capability. Digital enhancement is hindering the participation of children in physical play among many children. Many parents have a believe that a positive learning environment is offered when children watch Television (Jusoff and Sahimi, 2009). They believe that viewing TV could inculcate some certain skills in their children; for instance, they expect their vocabularies to improve (Certain, Kahn, 2002). This is the reason for the increased proportion of children who has a television box in their rooms. 1.2 Research Objectives 1.2.1 General Objectives This projects general objective is to determine how the Australian Children are adversely affected by their obsession toward electronic media. It will compare the children who have been affected and their hours of involvement in electronic media. 1.2.2 Specific Objectives To determine whether the existence of a relationship between the time children spend on television and their health condition. To determine whether electronic media contribute to the low performance of children in learning institutions. To find out if excessive hours of watching TV by children has a significant contribution to their problem of obesity. To establish how the hours of watching TV has increased over time. To determine whether watching of television by children makes them good or bad (violent). 1.3 Research Questions Answering the following questions will be the major aim of this business research proposal- Is there any relationship between the time children spend on television and their health condition? Is there any relationship between the time children spend on television and the percentage of marks they obtain in the exams? Do children become obese if they spend more time watching TV? Have the hours children spend on television increased over time? Does watching of television contribute to violence among children? 1.4 Justification of the Project The Australian governments guidelines draft noted that the amount of time spent by young children on screen, in turn, lowers their time for active play, time for social contact and the probability of their language development (Barkham, 2009). Their range of full eye movement development is affected and thus the length in which they can focus is reduced (Hogan, 2007). It has been found out that there has been a significant degradation in the education of the urban children after the popularization of the televisions and mobile phones. There has also been an increased level of violence among children in schools and also in their homes (Ni Chang, 2000). The performance of children in school is measured in terms of the marks they score on their exams. Body Mass Index is an important measure to find out whether a person is obese or not. Even if he/she is obese, this measure tells us how greater is the excess fat present in the person. Since this study will highlight the possible adverse effects of usage of electronic media, parents may use the study results to help them in ensuring that their children are not at most times using their free time on TV. Obesity is one of the major problem resulting from lack of enough physical exercise. Children who are obsessed with watching TV have no time for physical activities (Vandewater, Shim, Caplovitz, 2004). 1.5 Expected Research Outcomes This research will help many parents in making decisions of the hours their children should spend on electronic media without causing them some adverse effects. Parents will also be able to know the various programs or Medias that are mostly addictive to children, and will, therefore, be able to minimize their accessibility. They will determine whether letting their kids have a TV in their rooms will benefit or adversely affect them. 1.6 Conceptual Framework and the Research Hypothesis It is estimated that approximately 70 % of children in Australia have access to violent programs on televisions. Most of the children who make up the 70 % are observed to be those living in the urban areas. Most families that live in the rural areas have limited income to engage in various means of entertainments. Watching TV by children has limited benefits whereas the adverse effects are unlimited. According to Anderson Pempek (2005) and Wright et al., (2001), more television programs for young people are being produced, and this is causing a rise in the foreground television amount. In a survey of 100 parents carried out by Pierroutsakos, Hanna, Self, Lewis, Brewer (2004), children below the age of two years were recorded to spend on average two hours daily watching TV. The diagrammatic representation of the sales of television will be done with the help of a bar diagram. The relationship between hours spent on television and marks obtained will be found out by first considering the null hypothesis H0: there is no relationship between the two variables. We shall then carry out the suitable regression analysis on the data and shall draw valid conclusions. The relationship will be tested for a sign (positive and negative). We shall consider our level of significance to be 0.05 in this case. To find out the relationship between no. of hours spent on television and BMI, we shall carry out the same test discussed above. The relationship between violence and hours of watching TV will also be done using the same test. If we reject the null hypothesis in the regression analysis of all cases (marks obtained, health, BMI, and violence), and we obtain a negative relation in the first case and second case, and a positive relation in the third and fourth case, we shall conclude that all the factors- violence, health, obesity and degradation of the childrens marks depend on the no. of hours they spend on television. The alternative hypothesis HA holds that there exist a relationship. 1.7 Research Design and Methodology The data to be considered in this research will be collected on 100 children living in the Melbourne state of Australia. Parents of the chosen children will be interviewed on the hours their kids spend on TV. We annual exam marks and the Body Mass Index of these 100 children chosen will be tabulated. We shall record the sales of television over the last ten years; this will be obtained from secondary sources. The variables considered in this analysis are shortlisted below- The average no. of hours children spend on television. The body mass index of the children The marks obtained by the children in their annual exam. The health of children Violent children Other variables other than the hours of watching TV will be used as dependent variables. The hours of watching TV is an independent variable which is argued to affect all the other variables. The health of children and is a Qualitative variable (i.e. a dummy dependent variable) where a value one is assigned if the child in healthy, and a value zero otherwise. First, we shall try to investigate how the sale of television has changed over the years. This investigation can be done either with the help of diagrammatic representation or with suitable statistical analysis. The analysis shall help us to decide whether the sale has significantly increased over the years. We shall then proceed to investigate whether the marks or grades of a student truly depend on the hours they spend on television. This can be further done with the help of suitable statistical analyses. Our next investigation will be on the dependence of BMI on the hours spent on television. This investigation may be done with the help of suitable statistical analyses and would successfully determine whether television truly plays a role in increasing the obesity of children. We shall also consider the number of violent children and the contribution of hours of watching TV to this behavior. Finally, we may try to use graphical methods to find out how has the hours spent by childr en on television has changed (increased or decreased) over the years. 1.6.1 Operational Definitions and Measurement: Scoping and Simplifying the Data The data may be simplified in the following ways: We shall take suitable transformations on the variables so that they strictly follow a Normal distribution. Measurement of the Variables All the above-mentioned variables except the childrens health are measured in metric scale and their unit is in hours. It will be assumed that the data provided to us will be near accurate and will provide us with sufficient information to tackle our problem. Tolerable degree of Error We shall consider an appropriate tolerable degree of error so that our results and conclusions will be very sensitive in nature and hence we shall choose a tolerable degree of around 5% for error in most of the cases. However, some of the cases may not require very sensitive conclusions and results, and hence we shall instead use a tolerable degree of 10% for the error. 1.7 Organization of the Study While the current study represents the first chapter of the project proposal, there will be other three more chapters, as the whole study is divided into four. The information covered here on the first chapter include; introduction to the research topic, the problem statement, a highlight of the objectives of the study (this is divided further into; general and specific objectives), the next part is the research questions derived from the specific objectives of the research project. Further the existence of the project has to be justified. After justification, the expected research outcomes will be underscored. The conceptual framework and the research hypothesis will be formulated. Finally, the methodology of how the research will be effected will be established. This is projected to be done in two weeks time. The next chapter which is the second chapter will cover the various literature review on how children are adversely affected by their obsession toward electronic media. The information obtained from the works of various authors will help in supporting the problem stated for this research project. The empirical literature on this issue will also be covered in this second chapter. This is projected to be done in three weeks time. The third chapter will cover the methodology of this research. Here, the research design will be drawn, the study location will be defined, and the population and sample size will also be defined, the strategies used for sampling will be provided, the data collection procedure will be made clear, and finally the method of data analysis will be chosen This is projected to be done in one weeks time. In the next chapter which will be the fourth and final chapter, the actual data collection will take place. The collected data will be analyzed. The collection of data and analysis report will be due at the end of the 10th week. The result from the analysis will be interpreted. Conclusions will be made, and recommendations will be proposed. The final presentation of the business report thesis will be done in the 14th week. The time is clearly strategized in the Gantt chart provided. 1.8 Gantt Chart Projects Name Various adverse effects of television on the children of Australia in different parts on the country. Start Date Finish Date Task 2016 Week 1 2 Week 3-6 Week 7 Week 8 -10 Week 14 Task 1 Project Proposal Task 2 Literature review Task 3 Research Methodology Task 4 Data Collection and Analysis Report Task 5 Presentation of Final Business Report Thesis Bibliography American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Children, Adolescents, and Television. Pediatrics, 107(2), 423-426. Anderson, R. Pempek, A. (2005). Television and Very Young Children. The American Behavioral Scientist, 48(5), 505-522. Barkham, P. (2009). Television not in front of the children?. [Online] the Guardian. Certain, L.K. Kahn, R.S. (2002). Prevalence, Correlates, and Trajectory of Television Viewing Among Infants and Toddlers. Pediatrics, 109(4), 634-642. Christakis, A. (2006). The Hidden and Potent Effects of Television Advertising. Journal of American Medical Association, 295(14), 1698-1699. Griffiths, M. Machin, D., (2003). Television and Playground Games as Part of childrens Symbolic Culture. Social Semantics, 13(2), 147-160. Healy, M. (2004). Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attention Problems in Children. American Academy of Pediatrics, 917-918. Hogan, A. (2007). Is watching too much TV bad for kids' eyes? - Health Wellbeing. Jusoff, K., and Sahimi, N. (2009). Television and Media Literacy in Young Children: Issues and Effects in Early Childhood. International Education Studies, 2(3). Krah, B. (2016). Violent Media Effects on Aggression: A Commentary from a Cross-Cultural Perspective. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, p.n/a-n/a. Ni Chang. (2000). Reasoning with children About Violent Television Shows and Related Toys. Early Childhood Education Journal, 28(2), 85-89. Notten, N., Kraaykamp, G., and Tolsma, J. (2013). Parents, Television and Children's Weight Status. Journal of Children and Media, 7(2), pp.235-252. parliament.vic.gov.au, (2000). Inquiry into the effects of television and multimedia on children and families in Victoria. Melbourne, Vic.: Family and Community Development Committee. Pine, J., Nash, A. (2002). Dear Santa: The effects of television advertising on young children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 529-539. Razel, M. (2001). The Complex Model of Television Viewing and Educational Achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 94, 6.